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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ordinalzahl</span></h1>
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<p><b>Ordinalzahlen</b> sind <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">mathematische</a> Objekte, die das Konzept der Position oder des Index eines Elementes in einer <a href="Folge_(Mathematik)" title="Folge (Mathematik)">Folge</a> auf <a href="Wohlordnung" title="Wohlordnung">Wohlordnungen</a> über beliebigen <a href="Menge_(Mathematik)" title="Menge (Mathematik)">Mengen</a> verallgemeinern. Positionen in Folgen werden als <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Natürliche Zahlen">natürliche Zahlen</a> aufgefasst (sprachlich durch die <a href="Ordinalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinalia">Ordinalia</a> <i>erstes</i>, <i>zweites</i>, <i>drittes</i>,&nbsp;… Element ausgedrückt), welche die endlichen Ordinalzahlen bilden. Entscheidend bei dieser Verallgemeinerung ist, dass wie bei Folgen eine kleinste Position (die Ordinalzahl <a href="Null" title="Null">Null</a>) existiert und jedes Element (mit Ausnahme eines eventuell vorhandenen letzten Elements) einen eindeutigen Nachfolger hat. Da totale <a href="Ordnungsrelation" title="Ordnungsrelation">Anordnungen</a>, die diese Bedingungen erfüllen, immer noch sehr verschiedene Strukturen haben können, führt man als zusätzliche Bedingung ein, dass es zu jeder <a href="Leere_Menge" title="Leere Menge">nichtleeren</a> <a href="Teilmenge" title="Teilmenge">Teilmenge</a> von Indizes einen minimalen Index geben soll, und gelangt so zu Wohlordnungen.
</p><p>Ordinalzahlen erlauben die Verallgemeinerung der auf Folgen beschränkten Beweisverfahren der <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndige_Induktion" title="Vollständige Induktion">vollständigen Induktion</a> auf beliebig große Mengen oder auch <a href="Echte_Klasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Echte Klasse">echte Klassen</a>, sofern sie sich wohlordnen lassen, mittels des Verfahrens der <a href="Transfinite_Induktion" title="Transfinite Induktion">transfiniten Induktion</a>.
</p><p>Die Beschreibung der Größe einer Menge, naiv gesprochen der Anzahl ihrer Elemente, führt im Gegensatz dazu zu dem Begriff <i><a href="Kardinalzahl_(Mathematik)" title="Kardinalzahl (Mathematik)">Kardinalzahl</a></i> (<i>eins</i>, <i>zwei</i>, <i>drei</i>,&nbsp;…).
</p><p><a href="Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a> hatte die Idee, wie man die beiden Konzepte – Zahl als Größe und Zahl als Index – innerhalb der <a href="Mengenlehre" title="Mengenlehre">Mengenlehre</a> auf <a href="Unendliche_Menge" title="Unendliche Menge">unendliche Mengen</a> verallgemeinern kann; denn während sie für endliche Mengen übereinstimmen, muss man sie für unendliche Mengen unterscheiden. Kardinalzahlen werden dabei als spezielle Ordinalzahlen definiert. Die Gesamtheit der Ordinalzahlen, die man meistens mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {On} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ord} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48fb9d3fcba212c947ac9f4cabcf6f0968f91dfe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.012ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ord} }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet, bildet in der modernen Mengenlehre – genauso wie die Gesamtheit der Kardinalzahlen – keine Menge, sondern eine <a href="Echte_Klasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Echte Klasse">echte Klasse</a>.
</p><p>Für viele dieser Überlegungen (wie etwa transfinite Induktion und die Definition von Kardinalzahlen als Ordinalzahlen) ist das <a href="Auswahlaxiom" title="Auswahlaxiom">Auswahlaxiom</a> bzw. der dazu äquivalente <a href="Wohlordnungssatz" title="Wohlordnungssatz">Wohlordnungssatz</a> vonnöten.
</p><p>Ordinalzahlen sind von besonderer Bedeutung für die Mengenlehre, in anderen Gebieten der Mathematik werden auch andere verallgemeinerte Indizierungen verwendet, etwa in <a href="Netz_(Topologie)" title="Netz (Topologie)">Netzen</a> und <a href="Filter_(Mathematik)" title="Filter (Mathematik)">Filtern</a>, die von besonderer Bedeutung für die <a href="Topologie_(Mathematik)" title="Topologie (Mathematik)">Topologie</a> sind und über anderen Ordnungen als Wohlordnungen operieren. Insbesondere verallgemeinern diese verallgemeinerten Indizierungen im Gegensatz zu Ordinalzahlen das für Folgen wichtige Konzept der <a href="Grenzwert_(Folge)" title="Grenzwert (Folge)">Konvergenz</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte_der_Entdeckung">Geschichte der Entdeckung</h2></div>
<p>Der moderne mathematische Begriff der Ordinalzahlen wurde maßgeblich von dem Mathematiker Georg Cantor entwickelt. Die grundlegende Idee fand er bei Untersuchungen über die Eindeutigkeit der Darstellung reeller Funktionen durch <a href="Trigonometrisches_Polynom#Trigonometrische_Reihe" title="Trigonometrisches Polynom">trigonometrische Reihen</a>. Allerdings erwies sich die Ordinalzahltheorie für diese Untersuchungen letztlich nicht als fruchtbar.
</p><p>Aus Vorarbeiten von <a href="Eduard_Heine" title="Eduard Heine">Eduard Heine</a> war bekannt, dass die im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (-\pi ,\pi )}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72c36ae0b6df166895be75651d237fd87298e566.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.315ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (-\pi ,\pi )}" loading="lazy"></span> stetigen Funktionen eine eindeutige Darstellung als trigonometrische Reihen haben. Cantor zeigte (1870), dass dies für jede Funktion richtig ist, deren trigonometrische Reihe überall <a href="Trigonometrisches_Polynom#Konvergenz_der_Reihen" title="Trigonometrisches Polynom">konvergiert</a>. Die Frage nach der Existenz von weiteren Funktionenklassen, die diese Eigenschaft besitzen, ist damit aber noch nicht beantwortet. Schon der <a href="Satz_von_Heine" title="Satz von Heine">Satz von Heine</a> ist für Funktionen richtig, die fast überall stetig sind, also solche mit einer endlichen Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> von Unstetigkeitsstellen. Die Frage nach der Eindeutigkeit ist äquivalent zu der Frage, ob das Verschwinden der trigonometrischen Reihe
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(a_{n}\cos nx+b_{n}\sin nx)}">
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<p>auf der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (-\pi ,\pi )\setminus E}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (-\pi ,\pi )\setminus E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e81f7ad12775d1b86471effa914d47a463295d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.286ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (-\pi ,\pi )\setminus E}" loading="lazy"></span> auch das Verschwinden der Koeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{a_{n}\}_{n=0,1,\dotsc }}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dieser Eigenschaft werden <i>Mengen vom Typ U</i> genannt (aus dem französischen <i>unicité</i> – Eindeutigkeit) und alle anderen Mengen – <i>Mengen vom Typ M</i> (<i>multiplicité</i> – Mehrdeutigkeit).<sup id="cite_ref-NatX_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endliche Mengen sind also Mengen vom Typ <i>U</i>. Indem man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}">
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{4}}x^{2}-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {a_{n}\cos nx+b_{n}\sin nx}{n^{2}}}+Cx+D.}">
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<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{4}}x^{2}-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {a_{n}\cos nx+b_{n}\sin nx}{n^{2}}}+Cx+D.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bacbc89de467df805529f4f55dc41712da0c655.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:52.717ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{4}}x^{2}-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {a_{n}\cos nx+b_{n}\sin nx}{n^{2}}}+Cx+D.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71a82805d469cdfa7856c11d6ee756acd1dc7174.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.88ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> linear ist, dann sind alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{a_{n}\}_{n=0,1,\dotsc }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{a_{n}\}_{n=0,1,\dotsc }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dc8041cd7fd15f374cdbcd231c96867fdfbcc8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.755ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{a_{n}\}_{n=0,1,\dotsc }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{b_{n}\}_{n=1,2,\dotsc }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{b_{n}\}_{n=1,2,\dotsc }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f3cbaa470e0099904db2538d3119f81e6e74748.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.522ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{b_{n}\}_{n=1,2,\dotsc }}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Wenn man also für eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> beweisen würde, dass aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall x\in ((-\pi ,\pi )\setminus P)(f(x)=0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall x\in ((-\pi ,\pi )\setminus P)(f(x)=0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2124d833eb9683359e7b868e2bc10a24c4b10a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.015ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall x\in ((-\pi ,\pi )\setminus P)(f(x)=0)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Linearit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" title="Linearität (Mathematik)">Linearität</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71a82805d469cdfa7856c11d6ee756acd1dc7174.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.88ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt, dann wäre damit auch die Zugehörigkeit von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> zum Typ <i>U</i> bewiesen worden. Cantor verwendet diese Idee in seinem Artikel <i>Über die Ausdehnung eines Satzes aus der Theorie der trigonometrischen Reihen</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vom Jahre 1871 und zeigt:
</p>
<dl><dd>„Ist (p,q) irgendein Intervall, in dem nur eine endliche Anzahl von Punkten der Menge P liegt, so ist F(x) in diesem Intervalle linear …“ (dort Seite 131)</dd></dl>
<p>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> unendlich ist, dann hat sie mindestens einen <a href="H%C3%A4ufungspunkt" title="Häufungspunkt">Häufungspunkt</a>. Cantor nennt die Menge der Häufungspunkte einer Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> abgeleitete Menge und bezeichnet sie mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(1)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(1)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b4fa9f0d7f96845fe125af19bd10f14fa19b854.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.155ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(1)}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die abgeleitete von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(1)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(1)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b4fa9f0d7f96845fe125af19bd10f14fa19b854.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.155ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(1)}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet er mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(2)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(2)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fab6471703b526c1a0f2bff84224efbe9aa00500.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.155ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(2)}}" loading="lazy"></span> usw. (<i>siehe Hauptartikel:</i> <a href="Ableitung_einer_Menge" title="Ableitung einer Menge">Ableitung einer Menge</a>). Falls nach endlich vielen Schritten eine endliche Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(n)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(n)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9af0b3282ccfe3b59d2aaa9182ae3d017fa17026.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.319ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(n)}}" loading="lazy"></span> erreicht wird, dann nennt Cantor die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ter Art. Cantor stellt fest, dass sich die Linearität von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71a82805d469cdfa7856c11d6ee756acd1dc7174.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.88ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> in dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (p,q)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (p,q)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9769c58523b9b639866a2d48e657d9c26911143a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.082ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (p,q)}" loading="lazy"></span> auch dann beweisen lässt, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (p,q)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (p,q)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9769c58523b9b639866a2d48e657d9c26911143a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.082ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (p,q)}" loading="lazy"></span> endlich viele Punkte der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(k)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(k)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5f546c2678be5720db1ebbab139e44e63ce1cc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.19ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(k)}}" loading="lazy"></span> enthält, wobei die Korrektheit dieser Aussage von der Wahl der natürlichen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht abhängig ist. Mengen mit einer leeren mehrfachen Ableitung sind also immer vom Typ <i>U</i>.
</p><p>In diesem Artikel gehen die Cantorschen Überlegungen noch nicht über endliche Iterationsprozesse hinaus; allerdings enthält er schon Denkmuster, die später die gesamte Mengenlehre prägen werden. Er ordnet der Veranschaulichung der <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen Zahlen</a> durch geometrische Punkte eine zweitrangige Rolle zu, indem er die reellen Zahlen als <a href="Cauchy-Folge" title="Cauchy-Folge">Cauchy-Folgen</a> aus Elementen der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Rationale_Zahl" title="Rationale Zahl">rationalen Zahlen</a> definiert. Die Menge dieser Folgen bezeichnet er mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> und definiert dort die für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> üblichen Rechenarten. Cauchy-Folgen aus Elementen der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden eine weitere Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dieser Prozess lässt sich theoretisch ins Unendliche fortsetzen. Cantor versteht von nun an unter Punkt ein Element irgendwelcher Mengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span>,&nbsp;… Der Aufbau solcher geordneter Hierarchien, bei denen der Übergang von einer Stufe zur nächsten durch Grenzübergänge erfolgt, ist später zu einem häufig eingesetzten Mittel zur Einführung neuer mengentheoretischer Begriffe geworden. Wir werden sehen, dass eine solche Hierarchie auch bei den Ordnungszahlen zu erkennen ist.
</p><p>Nach dieser Arbeit über trigonometrische Reihen hat sich das Interesse Cantors für das Problem einer gleichzeitig notwendigen und hinreichenden Bedingung für die Eindeutigkeit der Entwicklung von Funktionen in trigonometrischen Reihen abgeschwächt. Die Frage ist später sehr intensiv von <a href="Paul_Du_Bois-Reymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Du Bois-Reymond">Paul Du Bois-Reymond</a>, <a href="Charles-Jean_de_La_Vall%C3%A9e_Poussin" title="Charles-Jean de La Vallée Poussin">Charles-Jean de La Vallée Poussin</a>, <a href="William_Henry_Young" title="William Henry Young">William Henry Young</a>, <a href="Arnaud_Denjoy" title="Arnaud Denjoy">Arnaud Denjoy</a>, <a href="Nina_Bari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nina Bari">Nina Bari</a>, Raichmann und <a href="Dmitri_Jewgenjewitsch_Menschow" title="Dmitri Jewgenjewitsch Menschow">Dmitri Jewgenjewitsch Menschow</a> untersucht worden, allerdings ohne dabei zu einem zufriedenstellenden Ergebnis zu kommen.<sup id="cite_ref-NatX_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantor selbst hat sich der Aufgabe gewidmet, die Punktmengen danach zu klassifizieren, wann der Prozess des Ableitens endet. Mengen, bei denen das nach endlich vielen Schritten passiert, nennt Cantor <i>Mengen der ersten Gattung.</i> Eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann eine Menge der ersten Gattung, wenn der <a href="Schnittmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnittmenge">Durchschnitt</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>⋂<!-- ⋂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6289d301887568c6275a7e2185921c326db69e0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:7.975ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n)}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>leer ist. Ein natürlicher Gedanke dabei ist, genau diese Menge zu der ersten Ableitung transfiniter Ordnung für Mengen zweiter Gattung zu machen. Cantor bezeichnet sie mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(\infty )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(\infty )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1acd0b6d56cb1643b74f416cf370507203be72bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.976ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(\infty )}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Darauf folgen die Ableitungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(\infty +1)},\ P^{(\infty +2)},\dotsc ,P^{(2\infty )}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(\infty +n)},\ P^{(3\infty )}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(2\infty +n)},\dotsc }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>⋂<!-- ⋂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>⋂<!-- ⋂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(\infty +1)},\ P^{(\infty +2)},\dotsc ,P^{(2\infty )}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(\infty +n)},\ P^{(3\infty )}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(2\infty +n)},\dotsc }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/692f95f2ec76c84a59ca433d45b0329a39f00f6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:66.728ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(\infty +1)},\ P^{(\infty +2)},\dotsc ,P^{(2\infty )}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(\infty +n)},\ P^{(3\infty )}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(2\infty +n)},\dotsc }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(\infty ^{2})}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n\infty )},\ P^{(\infty ^{3})}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n\infty ^{2})},\dotsc ,\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty })}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(\infty ^{n})},\dotsc }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>⋂<!-- ⋂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>⋂<!-- ⋂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>⋂<!-- ⋂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(\infty ^{2})}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n\infty )},\ P^{(\infty ^{3})}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n\infty ^{2})},\dotsc ,\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty })}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(\infty ^{n})},\dotsc }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65065399f9b9dba767fae0572f4bfbb4867369c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:68.182ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(\infty ^{2})}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n\infty )},\ P^{(\infty ^{3})}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(n\infty ^{2})},\dotsc ,\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty })}=\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }P^{(\infty ^{n})},\dotsc }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Cantor schreibt in seinem Artikel <i>Über unendliche, lineare Punktmannichfaltigkeiten</i> von 1880:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd>„Durch consequentes Fortschreiten gewinnt man successive die weiteren Begriffe:</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ P^{(n\infty ^{\infty })},\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty +1})},\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty +n})},\ P^{(n\infty ^{n\infty })},\ P^{(\infty ^{(\infty ^{\infty })})}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ P^{(n\infty ^{\infty })},\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty +1})},\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty +n})},\ P^{(n\infty ^{n\infty })},\ P^{(\infty ^{(\infty ^{\infty })})}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12458f992430240b28cd82a8b46072f7981435a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:48.235ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ P^{(n\infty ^{\infty })},\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty +1})},\ P^{(\infty ^{\infty +n})},\ P^{(n\infty ^{n\infty })},\ P^{(\infty ^{(\infty ^{\infty })})}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>usw.; wir sehen hier eine dialektische Begriffserzeugung, welche immer weiter führt und dabei frei von jeglicher Willkür in sich nothwendig und consequent bleibt.“</dd></dl>
<p>In diesem nicht einmal fünf Seiten langen Artikel ist der ganze Weg vorgezeichnet, wie man aus den natürlichen Zahlen ein vollständiges transfinites System von Ordnungszahlen entwickeln kann. 1883 definierte Cantor diese Zahlenreihe mit zwei Erzeugungsprinzipien, der „Hinzufügung einer Einheit zu einer vorhandenen schon gebildeten Zahl“ und der Bildung einer nächstgrößeren Zahl als Grenze, welcher die vorher definierten Zahlen zustreben, und zwar in der Aufsatzreihe <i>Über unendliche, lineare Punktmannichfaltigkeiten</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Ordinalzahlen sprach er dann ab 1895 und definierte sie in seinen beiden Artikeln <i>Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre</i> von 1895/97 als Ordnungstypen wohlgeordneter Mengen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_natürlichen_Zahlen_als_geordnete_Mengen"><span id="Die_nat.C3.BCrlichen_Zahlen_als_geordnete_Mengen"></span>Die natürlichen Zahlen als geordnete Mengen</h2></div>

<p>Die Ordinalzahlen sind in der modernen Mathematik ein Begriff der Mengenlehre. Um sie als Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Zahlen zu definieren, ist es naheliegend, die natürlichen Zahlen in eine mengentheoretische Hierarchie einzubetten.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabei erklärt man die leere Menge für die Null der natürlichen Zahlenfolge. Die leere Menge ist also die im <a href="Peano-Axiome" title="Peano-Axiome">Peano-Axiomensystem</a> der natürlichen Zahlen speziell ausgezeichnete und nicht explizit definierte Zahl ohne Vorgänger. Nach einem Vorschlag von <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> definiert man dann jede weitere Zahl als die Menge der Zahlen, die schon definiert sind:<sup id="cite_ref-Mesch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0:=\emptyset }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0:=\emptyset }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01799e24f3ae5a95893452679e8eaa00c5808ab9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.07ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0:=\emptyset }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1:=\{0\}=\{\emptyset \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1:=\{0\}=\{\emptyset \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25e6813e7ce119df613c5fc43cdfc24cb5eb734c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.981ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1:=\{0\}=\{\emptyset \}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2:=\{0,1\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2:=\{0,1\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a825c4b0f8fcf49ae2828c74bdd13b315f33329.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.699ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2:=\{0,1\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3:=\{0,1,2\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3:=\{0,1,2\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85bb296fd3a861892f0b476f2227e7254936f801.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.938ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3:=\{0,1,2\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4:=\{0,1,2,3\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}\}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4:=\{0,1,2,3\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}\}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e97f3c4d513f90dd31d0165fca3cf67d6c43829b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.219ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4:=\{0,1,2,3\}=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}\}\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>…</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n+1:=n\cup \{n\}=\{0,1,\dotsc ,n\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n+1:=n\cup \{n\}=\{0,1,\dotsc ,n\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51026c0a8b9d7ffe0ba7d0b0cd246cde6d3b8781.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.195ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n+1:=n\cup \{n\}=\{0,1,\dotsc ,n\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>…</dd></dl>
<p>Die <i>Mengen</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}" loading="lazy"></span> usw. sind durch die <a href="Element_(Mathematik)" title="Element (Mathematik)">Elementrelation</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in n+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in n+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b70719c53ef3323db9f5d824efe35277039bf78e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.633ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in n+1}" loading="lazy"></span>) <a href="Wohlordnung" title="Wohlordnung">wohlgeordnet</a>. Zum Beispiel hat die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/295b4bf1de7cd3500e740e0f4f0635db22d87b42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4}" loading="lazy"></span> die Elemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/991e33c6e207b12546f15bdfee8b5726eafbbb2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3}" loading="lazy"></span>, die durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<1<2<3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;1&lt;2&lt;3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53644a204ca33d7e337b8fe979406ad47a9ed97e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.945ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<1<2<3}" loading="lazy"></span> geordnet werden. Man schreibt deshalb auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4:=\{0<1<2<3\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4:=\{0&lt;1&lt;2&lt;3\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbda9d11fe05e0564ed5a24733650b6fd40c8e90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.178ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4:=\{0<1<2<3\}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Eine natürliche Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also kleiner als eine Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Für die gesamte Menge der natürlichen Zahlen setzt man: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega :=\{0<1<2<3<\dotsb \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega :=\{0&lt;1&lt;2&lt;3&lt;\dotsb \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/745fbac35692444b6d9b4aa4ccc91e61054e8517.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.283ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega :=\{0<1<2<3<\dotsb \}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> stellt ein <a href="Modelltheorie" title="Modelltheorie">Modell</a> des Peano-Axiomensystems dar. Ihre Existenz wird in der <a href="Zermelo-Fraenkel-Mengenlehre" title="Zermelo-Fraenkel-Mengenlehre">Zermelo-Fraenkelschen Mengenlehre</a> durch das <a href="Unendlichkeitsaxiom" title="Unendlichkeitsaxiom">Unendlichkeitsaxiom</a> gesichert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation_und_Definition">Motivation und Definition</h2></div>
<p>Die Theorie der Ordinalzahlen ist eine <a href="Abstraktion" title="Abstraktion">Abstraktionstheorie</a>, bei der von der wahren Natur der Mengenelemente abgesehen wird und nur solche Eigenschaften untersucht werden, die aus ihrer Anordnung abgeleitet werden können. Man definiert dazu: Eine <a href="Bijektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijektion">Bijektion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon A\rightarrow B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon A\rightarrow B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/867edf1a68f4da4b8c01de80e666173d070f5a95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.434ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon A\rightarrow B}" loading="lazy"></span> von der <a href="Ordnungsrelation#Totalordnung" title="Ordnungsrelation">total geordneten</a> Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A,\leq _{A})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (A,\leq _{A})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/708c1a66f7edc8e39c773db03649625fbcce913b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.859ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A,\leq _{A})}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die total geordnete Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (B,\leq _{B})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (B,\leq _{B})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/741dbdff6661914712d6680a1d8e8b78f7f4bd95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.895ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (B,\leq _{B})}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <a href="Ordnungsisomorphismus" title="Ordnungsisomorphismus">Ordnungsisomorphismus</a> (oder ähnliche Abbildung), wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\leq _{A}b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\leq _{A}b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/690d6826ae0ab3ec756f2a067b3aa26cad72a3b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.791ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\leq _{A}b}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(a)\leq _{B}f(b)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(a)\leq _{B}f(b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13c3371fb7ef3e3f3b7321bc79106536b60143e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.981ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(a)\leq _{B}f(b)}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/923af80638e57592b33fa715fb6c23651729fb73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.845ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> äquivalent sind. Man sagt: die Mengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> sind ordnungsisomorph (oder ähnlich) und schreibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cong B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cong B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c976b6c9d02b3db3b471a53519f4ee626eddb5cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.606ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cong B}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn es zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Ordnungsisomorphismus gibt. Eine Gesamtheit aller zueinander ordnungsisomorphen Mengen stellt eine <a href="%C3%84quivalenzklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Äquivalenzklasse">Äquivalenzklasse</a> dar, die Ordnungstypus genannt wird.
</p><p>Man kann zeigen, dass jede endliche wohlgeordnete Menge ordnungsisomorph zu genau einer natürlichen Zahl ist. Außerdem sind für eine wohlgeordnete Menge die folgenden drei Aussagen äquivalent:
</p>
<ul><li>Sie ist endlich.</li>
<li>Die umgekehrte Ordnung ist eine Wohlordnung.</li>
<li>Jede nichtleere Teilmenge hat ein größtes Element.</li></ul>
<p>Dies liefert die Grundlage für die Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Zahlen zu Ordinalzahlen, die als spezielle wohlgeordnete Mengen so gewählt werden, dass jede wohlgeordnete Menge ordnungsisomorph zu genau einer Ordinalzahl ist. Somit ist jede Ordinalzahl also spezieller Repräsentant eines bestimmten Ordnungstypus. Die folgende Definition verbessert Cantors Ansatz und wurde zuerst von <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> angegeben:<sup id="cite_ref-Mesch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><b>Definition I.</b> (setzt das <a href="Fundierungsaxiom" title="Fundierungsaxiom">Fundierungsaxiom</a> voraus): Eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>Ordinalzahl,</i> wenn jedes <a href="Element_(Mathematik)" title="Element (Mathematik)">Element</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> auch <a href="Teilmenge" title="Teilmenge">Teilmenge</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> ist und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> bezüglich der Mengeninklusion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \subseteq }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \subseteq }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a924f8dcb2847bb8871edfdbf4c6b5cca0669228.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \subseteq }" loading="lazy"></span> total geordnet ist.
</p><p>Eine solche Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> ist automatisch wohlgeordnet aufgrund des Fundierungsaxioms, welches besagt: Jede nichtleere Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> hat ein Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span>, das <a href="Disjunkt" title="Disjunkt">disjunkt</a> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Die natürlichen Zahlen sind nach dieser Definition Ordinalzahlen. Zum Beispiel ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2=\{0,1\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2=\{0,1\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dfe9491853a6dbf61328b21d83141dc74c48e72b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.945ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2=\{0,1\}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4=\{0,1,2,3\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4=\{0,1,2,3\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/273b95951f9a881803a7088293996aab5aae6cbe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.337ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4=\{0,1,2,3\}}" loading="lazy"></span> und gleichzeitig eine Teilmenge. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> ist ebenfalls eine Ordinalzahl, die kleinste transfinite Ordinalzahl (größer als jede natürliche Zahl). Die von-Neumannsche Definition hat gegenüber der ersten Definition den Vorteil, dass sie aus der Sicht der Grundlagenforschung ein innerhalb der <a href="Axiomatische_Mengenlehre" title="Axiomatische Mengenlehre">axiomatischen Mengenlehre</a> einwandfrei definiertes mengentheoretisches Objekt bestimmt. Jede wohlgeordnete Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ordnungsisomorph zu genau einer Ordinalzahl, die man meistens mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {ord}}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ord</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {ord}}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0eefb7a5fab00ce945c2bdde122f06c92cf94cc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.156ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {ord}}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08fd87d3502c4f9e1b02ac74644474258aeea176.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.131ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bemerkungen_und_andere_Definitionen">Bemerkungen und andere Definitionen</h3></div>
<p>Das Verwenden von Äquivalenzklassen aller Mengen bezüglich des Ordnungsisomorphismus gilt aus der Sicht der modernen Mathematik deshalb als problematisch, weil diese unfassbar große Objekte darstellen, die im Gegensatz zu den von-Neumannschen Ordinalzahlen genetisch und nicht <a href="Substantielle_Definition" title="Substantielle Definition">substantiell</a> definiert sind. Ihre Existenz wird in der naiven Mengenlehre ohne explizite Begründung angenommen und kann innerhalb von <a href="Zermelo-Fraenkel-Mengenlehre" title="Zermelo-Fraenkel-Mengenlehre">ZFC</a> ohne Verwendung von Ordinalzahlen nicht begründet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In jeder Mengenlehre bezeichnet man als Ordinalzahlen solche Objekte, die das Ordinalzahlaxiom erfüllen:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeder wohlgeordneten Menge (oder gegebenenfalls anderer wohlgeordneten Struktur) kann eine Ordinalzahl so zugewiesen werden, dass beliebige an zwei verschiedenen Mengen zugewiesene Ordinalzahlen genau dann gleich sind, wenn die beiden Mengen ordnungsisomorph zueinander sind. In allen axiomatischen Mengenlehren versucht man, um die Einführung neuer Grundobjekte zu vermeiden, geeignete von der Theorie vorgegebene Objekte zu finden, die das Ordinalzahlaxiom erfüllen. Eine Möglichkeit dafür besteht darin, spezielle Mengenhierarchien wie die der <a href="Von-Neumann-Hierarchie" title="Von-Neumann-Hierarchie">Von-Neumann-Hierarchie</a> aufzubauen.
</p><p>Mit welchen Schwierigkeiten der Verzicht auf solche Hierarchien verbunden sein kann, lässt sich am Beispiel der allgemeinen <a href="Lineare_Ordnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineare Ordnung">linearen Ordnungen</a> verdeutlichen, für die man keine geeignete Mengenhierarchie kennt (2004). Das Postulieren der Existenz von Ordnungstypen kann in diesem Fall nur durch Rückgriff auf Rang- oder Stufenfunktionen vermieden werden.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nachdem spezielle Objekte, die zur Einführung von Ordinalzahlen geeignet wären, schon benannt worden sind, wird das Ordinalzahlaxiom (falls überhaupt möglich) eliminiert (auf ein <a href="Theorem" title="Theorem">Theorem</a> zurückgestuft). Innerhalb von ZFC braucht man dafür das von <a href="Adolf_Abraham_Halevi_Fraenkel" title="Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel">Fraenkel</a> 1922 dem Zermeloschen Axiomensystem eigens hinzugefügte Ersetzungsaxiom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Wie groß die mengentheoretische Stärke des Ordinalzahlaxioms ist, deutet die Tatsache an, dass für den Beweis der Existenz „vieler“ Von-Neumann-Ordinalzahlen das Unendlichkeits-, das Ersetzungs- und für manche sogar das Auswahlaxiom herangezogen werden müssen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die von Neumannsche Definition der Ordinalzahlen ist die heutzutage am meisten verwendete. Aber auch in den axiomatischen Mengenlehren sind Definitionen von Ordinalzahlen zu finden, die auf der Bildung von Äquivalenzklassen beruhen. Diese Äquivalenzklassen werden aber, um Widersprüche zu vermeiden, nur mit gewissen Einschränkungen gebildet. So wird z.&nbsp;B. die Menge der abzählbaren Ordinalzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <a href="Friedrich_Moritz_Hartogs" title="Friedrich Moritz Hartogs">Hartogs</a> so aufgebaut: Sie ist definiert als Menge von Äquivalenzklassen in der Teilmenge der wohlgeordneten Elemente von <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{(M,O)\mid M\subseteq N,\;O\subseteq M\times M\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{(M,O)\mid M\subseteq N,\;O\subseteq M\times M\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f21d41b51e70452ae341f4ad1d10cbfd2c960fd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.201ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{(M,O)\mid M\subseteq N,\;O\subseteq M\times M\}}" loading="lazy"></span></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=\omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=\omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a4ee4eebcebae2a7591b35e6f8580135b838ab1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.608ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=\omega }" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Dabei sind zwei Teilmengen äquivalent, wenn sie sich ordnungsisomorph aufeinander abbilden lassen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\omega _{1},<)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\omega _{1},&lt;)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4467286c6448273554bcc7224d699f88fa721e11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.151ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\omega _{1},<)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist mit <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\eta ,<_{\eta })<(\beta ,<_{\beta })\iff \exists \xi \in \beta \;((\{x\mid x<_{\beta }\xi \},<_{\beta })\cong (\eta ,<_{\eta }))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⟺<!-- ⟺ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∃<!-- ∃ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\eta ,&lt;_{\eta })&lt;(\beta ,&lt;_{\beta })\iff \exists \xi \in \beta \;((\{x\mid x&lt;_{\beta }\xi \},&lt;_{\beta })\cong (\eta ,&lt;_{\eta }))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef9c60c64c72c9c8ba019be2a15a5e8d5ecfc214.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:61.011ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\eta ,<_{\eta })<(\beta ,<_{\beta })\iff \exists \xi \in \beta \;((\{x\mid x<_{\beta }\xi \},<_{\beta })\cong (\eta ,<_{\eta }))}" loading="lazy"></span></span> wohlgeordnete Menge.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Hierarchie lässt sich fortsetzen, indem man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=\omega _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=\omega _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29e9a057a4fb3cdcffc11fed9f4da6d32815d467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.826ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=\omega _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> setzt und die Mengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{n+1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{n+1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff5de4b5d35d0a8190cfbc610b6adec7b8fb3cf3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.765ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{n+1}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1,2,\dotsc }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1,2,\dotsc }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cb39e56439dd52754c49f60dc719eeed9aa1f81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.609ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1,2,\dotsc }" loading="lazy"></span> bildet. Die Definition von Hartogs verwendet keine Repräsentantenauswahl und ist ausreichend für viele Anwendungen der Ordinalzahlen in der Analysis und in der Topologie. Äquivalenzklassen von ordnungsisomorphen Mengen werden auch in den Mengenlehren mit stufentheoretischem Aufbau gebildet (<a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Dana Scott</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dieter_Klaua" title="Dieter Klaua">Dieter Klaua</a> u.&nbsp;a.). In der <i>AM</i> von <a href="Dieter_Klaua" title="Dieter Klaua">Klaua</a> z.&nbsp;B. sind alle Mengen Elemente von <a href="Allmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmenge">Allmengen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Ordinalzahl der wohlgeordneten Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann die Äquivalenzklasse aller zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ordnungsisomorphen Elemente der kleinsten Allmenge, die zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ordnungsisomorphe Mengen enthält.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der Scott-Potter-Mengenlehre, die ein Beispiel für eine Mengenlehre ohne <a href="Ersetzungsaxiom" title="Ersetzungsaxiom">Ersetzungsaxiom</a> ist, werden die Von-Neumann-Ordinalzahlen <i>Pseudoordinalzahlen</i> genannt.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Ordinalzahlen in dieser Mengenlehre werden für jede wohlgeordnete <i>Kollektion</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> durch <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {ord}}(a)=\langle x\mid x\cong a\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ord</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {ord}}(a)=\langle x\mid x\cong a\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37f1f551a5da095c69f4ea43010b4f8bde0edaee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.238ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {ord}}(a)=\langle x\mid x\cong a\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></span> definiert<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und die Ordinalzahlen der wohlgeordneten Mengen als <i>kleine Ordinalzahlen</i> bezeichnet. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>On</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/570c6701a8c9ab2fa42f8b4bb282edd622617769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Kollektion der kleinen Ordinalzahlen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {Ord}}({\textrm {On}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Ord</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>On</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {Ord}}({\textrm {On}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f39a6d7c77767a46e2aa1f4da9eafb0e936cc64e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.922ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {Ord}}({\textrm {On}})}" loading="lazy"></span> – die kleinste große Ordinalzahl. Eine Kollektion aller Ordinalzahlen gibt es in der Scott-Potter-Mengenlehre nicht.
Es wurde bereits erwähnt, dass die Wohlordnungseigenschaft der Ordinalzahlen in ZF aus dem Fundierungsaxiom abgeleitet werden kann. Es ist allerdings in der mengentheoretischen Literatur üblich, Definitionen möglichst unabhängig von den Axiomen zu formulieren.
</p><p>Im Folgenden werden sieben Alternativdefinitionen der Ordinalzahlen angegeben, die alle in ZF ohne das Fundierungsaxiom zueinander und in ZF mit dem Fundierungsaxiom auch zur oben formulierten Definition äquivalent sind.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vorher zwei Begriffe: Eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <a href="Transitive_Menge" title="Transitive Menge">transitiv</a>, wenn <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\forall z\in y\;(z\in X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\forall z\in y\;(z\in X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8907c1db3d30631b7b13b65ea251b10466f67ab9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.009ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\forall z\in y\;(z\in X)}" loading="lazy"></span></span>. In Worten: In einer transitiven Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> sind mit jedem Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> der Menge auch alle Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> als Elemente enthalten. Aus dieser Definition folgt: Eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann transitiv, wenn <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\;(y\subseteq X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\;(y\subseteq X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c68e9ee093bc2b804ad31a659482fdb76d007f96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.957ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\;(y\subseteq X)}" loading="lazy"></span></span>. Eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt fundiert, wenn es ein <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6015f751d0278b3aa3b5e4c33740456f08e888b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.976ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in X}" loading="lazy"></span></span> gibt, so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> disjunkt sind.
</p><p><b>Definition II</b> von <a href="Ernst_Zermelo" title="Ernst Zermelo">Ernst Zermelo</a> (1915, publiziert 1941)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd>Eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt Ordinalzahl, wenn für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6015f751d0278b3aa3b5e4c33740456f08e888b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.976ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in X}" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\cup \{y\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\cup \{y\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35d839ac01e4e209ea93c3a7cd7480f6532dadf2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.218ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\cup \{y\}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> oder identisch mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist und für jede Teilmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> die Vereinigung der Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> oder identisch mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Definition III</b> von <a href="Ernst_Zermelo" title="Ernst Zermelo">Ernst Zermelo</a> (1915, publiziert 1930), erste publizierte Ordinalzahldefinition von <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd>Eine wohlgeordnete Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt Ordinalzahl, wenn jedes Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> identisch ist mit der Menge aller ihr vorausgehenden Elemente, d.&nbsp;h. wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\;(y=\{z\mid z\in X,\;z<y\})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\;(y=\{z\mid z\in X,\;z&lt;y\})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/040a4a90c80c2ea49b2e4255993fda6391a77be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.257ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall y\in X\;(y=\{z\mid z\in X,\;z<y\})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Definition IV</b> von <a href="Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> (1937, publiziert 1941)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd>Eine transitive Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Elemente transitiv sind, heißt Ordinalzahl, wenn jede nicht-leere Teilmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> fundiert ist.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Definition V</b> von <a href="Raphael_M._Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael M. Robinson">Raphael M. Robinson</a> (1937)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd>Eine transitive Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren nicht-leere Teilmengen fundiert sind, heißt Ordinalzahl, wenn für jede zwei verschiedene Elemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> entweder <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3af2478b948ca8279c41fcde98355887e039c87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.084ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in z}" loading="lazy"></span></span> oder <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z\in y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z\in y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e6c1daf2edbddd3accbda2eb55e90517fa623be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.084ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z\in y}" loading="lazy"></span></span> gilt. (Die letzte Eigenschaft nennt man auch Konnexität).</dd></dl>
<p><b>Definition VI</b> von <a href="Paul_Bernays" title="Paul Bernays">Paul Bernays</a> (1941)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd>Eine transitive Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt Ordinalzahl, wenn alle transitiven echten Teilmengen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> sind.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Definition VII</b>
</p>
<dl><dd>Eine <a href="Reflexive_Relation" title="Reflexive Relation">irreflexiv</a> geordnete Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,{\in })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,{\in })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/673a4adbd6520ffcfaf42274c14efd7dda660dec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.374ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,{\in })}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt Ordinalzahl, wenn sie transitiv und wohlgeordnet ist.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Definition VIII</b>
</p>
<dl><dd>Ordinalzahlen heißen die <a href="Bild_(Mathematik)" title="Bild (Mathematik)">Bilder</a> der Funktionen <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(a)=\{E(x)\mid x<a,\;x\in A\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(a)=\{E(x)\mid x&lt;a,\;x\in A\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef91069563dfc09ead19a73efa4e8cffb4caf901.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.34ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(a)=\{E(x)\mid x<a,\;x\in A\}}" loading="lazy"></span></span> für wohlgeordnete Mengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die letzte Definition zeigt auch gleich, wie man die Ordinalzahl einer wohlgeordneten Menge bestimmen kann. Dass die Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/507447198d4c99a33c035c500b37964a1a8d3551.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.815ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(a)}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Wohldefiniertheit" title="Wohldefiniertheit">wohldefiniert</a> sind, folgt aus dem Satz über die <a href="Transfinite_Induktion#Transfinite_Rekursion" title="Transfinite Induktion">transfinite Rekursion</a>, und dass ihre Bilder&nbsp;– genannt Epsilonbilder&nbsp;– Mengen sind, aus dem Ersetzungsaxiom.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limes-_und_Nachfolgerzahlen">Limes- und Nachfolgerzahlen</h3></div>
<p>Die Elemente einer Von-Neumann-Ordinalzahl sind selbst Ordinalzahlen.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Levy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Levy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hat man zwei Ordinalzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> genau dann, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> eine echte Teilmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> ist, und es gilt, dass entweder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span>, oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>, oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma =\tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma =\tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f045a867bdc1988c4618bcf44cc68c6888a8903.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.63ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma =\tau }" loading="lazy"></span> ist.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Levy_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Levy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damit ist durch die Elementbeziehung zwischen den Elementen einer Ordinalzahl eine <a href="Reflexive_Relation" title="Reflexive Relation">irreflexive</a> <a href="Ordnungsrelation" title="Ordnungsrelation">Totalordnungsrelation</a> definiert. Es gilt sogar noch mehr: jede Menge von Ordinalzahlen ist wohlgeordnet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dies verallgemeinert das <a href="Wohlordnungsprinzip" class="mw-redirect" title="Wohlordnungsprinzip">Wohlordnungsprinzip</a>, dass jede Menge von natürlichen Zahlen wohlgeordnet ist, und erlaubt die freie Anwendung der <a href="Transfinite_Induktion" title="Transfinite Induktion">transfiniten Induktion</a> und der Beweismethode des <a href="Wohlordnungsprinzip" class="mw-redirect" title="Wohlordnungsprinzip">unendlichen Abstiegs</a> auf Ordinalzahlen.
</p><p>Jede Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> hat genau die Ordinalzahlen als Elemente, die kleiner sind als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die mengentheoretische Struktur einer Ordinalzahl ist also vollständig durch kleinere Ordinalzahlen beschrieben. Jeder Durchschnitt oder Vereinigung von Ordinalzahlen ist eine Menge von Ordinalzahlen.
Weil jede Menge von Ordinalzahlen wohlgeordnet ist, ist jede transitive Menge von Ordinalzahlen selbst eine Ordinalzahl (s. Definition VII).<sup id="cite_ref-A.Levy_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Levy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daraus folgt, dass auch jeder Durchschnitt oder Vereinigung von Ordinalzahlen eine Ordinalzahl ist.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Vereinigung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \bigcup S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \bigcup S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786751cc5406aaa9f4580d4fb7564e19914cc7ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.822ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \bigcup S}" loading="lazy"></span> aller Elemente einer Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> von Ordinalzahlen wird Supremum von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> genannt und mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34f13990ad28430ecabc42d1be2cd2b8266ee4b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.388ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} S}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Es ist nicht schwer zu zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta \leq \operatorname {sup} S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta \leq \operatorname {sup} S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b4582711e674b36defeba535564805987ee0d35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.818ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta \leq \operatorname {sup} S}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta \in S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta \in S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f2f5351d37ea1b38d80b9a515379d879d831b15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.672ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta \in S}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt und dass es zu jedem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta <\operatorname {sup} S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta &lt;\operatorname {sup} S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d86c9b3d189eb74a26a5fb8736f8c69e75ea11a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.818ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta <\operatorname {sup} S}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi \in S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi \in S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0209956c7b8609742569e993ddbc9b5bb4a5dc9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi \in S}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta <\xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta &lt;\xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03e420dbfe49b4292428fd04b123d554f9c98838.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.461ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta <\xi }" loading="lazy"></span> gibt. Im Sinne dieser Definition ist das Supremum der leeren Menge die leere Menge, also die Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Wohlgeordnete Mengen sind zu keiner ihrer <a href="Anfangsstrecke" title="Anfangsstrecke">Anfangsstrecken</a> ordnungsisomorph.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Levy_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Levy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deshalb existiert zwischen zwei Ordinalzahlen nur dann eine ähnliche Abbildung, wenn sie gleich sind. Die Klasse aller Ordinalzahlen ist keine Menge (s. auch: das <a href="Burali-Forti-Paradoxon" title="Burali-Forti-Paradoxon">Burali-Forti-Paradoxon</a>). Wäre sie nämlich eine Menge, dann wäre sie eine wohlgeordnete und transitive Menge – also eine Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span>, für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta \in \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta \in \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/377b34dea706a0696c4d1c070b4a49043c9ee9a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.022ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta \in \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> gilt. Ordinalzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span>, die sich selbst als Element enthalten, existieren allerdings nicht,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> weil sie ordnungsisomorph zu einer ihrer Anfangsstrecken sein müssten (nämlich zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{\beta \mid \beta <\theta \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{\beta \mid \beta &lt;\theta \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7730053d5a8e791ff3f0a97b9b3f47f92fa4b357.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.115ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{\beta \mid \beta <\theta \}}" loading="lazy"></span>). Aus dem Satz, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>On</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/570c6701a8c9ab2fa42f8b4bb282edd622617769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine echte Klasse ist, folgt, dass für jede Menge von Ordinalzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> Ordinalzahlen existieren, die größer sind als jedes Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unter den Ordinalzahlen, die größer als jedes Element einer Menge aus Ordinalzahlen sind, gibt es immer eine kleinste.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man nennt sie obere Grenze<sup id="cite_ref-Bachmann-Grenze_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachmann-Grenze-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> und bezeichnet sie mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} ^{+}S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} ^{+}S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21b9cdc1df36b90e6ddd80930f915ff521d5dc5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.898ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} ^{+}S}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die kleinste Ordinalzahl größer als die Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <a href="Nachfolger_(Mathematik)" title="Nachfolger (Mathematik)">Nachfolger</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> und wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s(\xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s(\xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab0a048af88ab8c0cf70d31e71136d60e55ea708.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s(\xi )}" loading="lazy"></span>, oft auch mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi +1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi +1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3158a7e3d8fe2ef8d232a71246e4cbacc8b9f88f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi +1}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Die Bezeichnung ergibt auch außerhalb der <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rechenoperationen">transfiniten Arithmetik</a> einen Sinn (ohne zu dieser in Widerspruch zu stehen). Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> ein größtes Element hat, dann wird dieses Vorgänger von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> genannt und mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi -1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi -1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ac16094bf92cb33d7c216ce59e7014411aa19d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi -1}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Nicht jede Ordinalzahl hat einen Vorgänger, z.&nbsp;B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>. Man nennt eine Ordinalzahl, die einen Vorgänger hat, Nachfolgerzahl oder Zahl erster Art. Eine Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann von erster Art, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi =s(\operatorname {sup} \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi =s(\operatorname {sup} \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d82125a9825082e531db94894319ed42dcf5aee3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.947ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi =s(\operatorname {sup} \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das ist gleichbedeutend mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi >\operatorname {sup} \xi =\textstyle \bigcup \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi &gt;\operatorname {sup} \xi =\textstyle \bigcup \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2329917bf5cf9cb23768dc4935c77bbe09257a62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.499ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi >\operatorname {sup} \xi =\textstyle \bigcup \xi }" loading="lazy"></span>, woraus wiederum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi =s(\operatorname {sup} \xi )=s(\textstyle \bigcup \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi =s(\operatorname {sup} \xi )=s(\textstyle \bigcup \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d164d1429ea6a442378daffdf3c75adbbf61ca0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.298ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi =s(\operatorname {sup} \xi )=s(\textstyle \bigcup \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt. Die Ordinalzahlen erster Art und die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> nennt man isoliert. Eine positive Ordinalzahl ohne Vorgänger wird Limeszahl oder Grenzzahl genannt. Eine positive Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann Limeszahl, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi =\operatorname {sup} \xi =\textstyle \bigcup \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi =\operatorname {sup} \xi =\textstyle \bigcup \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9028d9ea2d12d24460066845927c1bdddd83166c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.499ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi =\operatorname {sup} \xi =\textstyle \bigcup \xi }" loading="lazy"></span>. Als Ordinalzahlen zweiter Art bezeichnet man die Limeszahlen sowie die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Jede Ordinalzahl ist somit eine Zahl entweder der ersten oder zweiten Art und entweder Limeszahl oder isoliert, wobei für positive Zahlen die Begriffe Limeszahl und Zahl zweiter Art sowie isolierte Zahl und Zahl erster Art übereinstimmen. Die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die einzige isolierte Zahl zweiter Art.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachmann-Grenze_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachmann-Grenze-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der Vorgänger von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s(\xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s(\xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab0a048af88ab8c0cf70d31e71136d60e55ea708.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s(\xi )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist für jede Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> die Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> selbst. Die Limeszahlen bilden eine echte Klasse, die mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {Lim}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Lim</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {Lim}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4210d0d82ab543af89be57adc0cd007d1ba18361.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.035ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {Lim}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet wird. Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Ordinalzahl erster Art ist, dann existiert eine endliche aber keine unendliche Folge: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi -1}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi -1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ac16094bf92cb33d7c216ce59e7014411aa19d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi -1}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\xi -1)-1}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\xi -1)-1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/435b98006d33783c81c1eee745cd0be3e2197a1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.845ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\xi -1)-1}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ((\xi -1)-1)-1,\dotsc }">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ((\xi -1)-1)-1,\dotsc }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9a0dd7dd1423ff3b32d429366f90bb7e01d1d2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.414ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ((\xi -1)-1)-1,\dotsc }" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Fall.F._39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall.F.-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angefangen bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> erreicht man nach endlich vielen Abstiegen von einer Ordinalzahl zu ihrem Vorgänger eine Zahl zweiter Art. Es gilt sogar noch mehr: Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> eine transfinite Ordinalzahl ist, dann kann man zwar beliebig lange echt fallende Folgen mit erstem Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> bilden, aber keine unendliche solche.<sup id="cite_ref-Fall.F._39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall.F.-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \!^{\color {Red}0}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!^{\color {Blue}1}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!^{\color {Blue}2}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!^{\ldots }{\ }^{{\color {Red}\sigma }\,\in \,\mathrm {Lim} }{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}\eta -1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{{\color {Blue}\eta }\notin \mathrm {Lim} }\!\!\!\!{{\overset {\textrm {Sprung}}{\curvearrowleft }} \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!^{\ldots }{\ }^{{\color {Red}\lambda }\,\in \,\mathrm {Lim} }{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}((\xi -1)-1)-1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}(\xi -1)-1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}\xi -1}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!{{\overset {\mathrm {zum\,Vorg{\ddot {a}}nger} }{\curvearrowleft }} \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!{\ }^{{\color {Blue}\xi }\notin \mathrm {Lim} }\ \ \!^{\ldots }}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#ED1B23">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#0000ff">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
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<mo>∉<!-- ∉ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#ED1B23">
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#0000ff">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mover>
<mo>↶<!-- ↶ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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</mover>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#0000ff">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>∉<!-- ∉ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \!^{\color {Red}0}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!^{\color {Blue}1}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!^{\color {Blue}2}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!^{\ldots }{\ }^{{\color {Red}\sigma }\,\in \,\mathrm {Lim} }{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}\eta -1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{{\color {Blue}\eta }\notin \mathrm {Lim} }\!\!\!\!{{\overset {\textrm {Sprung}}{\curvearrowleft }} \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!^{\ldots }{\ }^{{\color {Red}\lambda }\,\in \,\mathrm {Lim} }{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}((\xi -1)-1)-1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}(\xi -1)-1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}\xi -1}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!{{\overset {\mathrm {zum\,Vorg{\ddot {a}}nger} }{\curvearrowleft }} \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!{\ }^{{\color {Blue}\xi }\notin \mathrm {Lim} }\ \ \!^{\ldots }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57af7c3f0ae9e2eb53081277ff0345a6ec289ab3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-left: -0.387ex; width:82.377ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \!^{\color {Red}0}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!^{\color {Blue}1}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!^{\color {Blue}2}{{\curvearrowleft } \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!^{\ldots }{\ }^{{\color {Red}\sigma }\,\in \,\mathrm {Lim} }{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}\eta -1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{{\color {Blue}\eta }\notin \mathrm {Lim} }\!\!\!\!{{\overset {\textrm {Sprung}}{\curvearrowleft }} \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!^{\ldots }{\ }^{{\color {Red}\lambda }\,\in \,\mathrm {Lim} }{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}((\xi -1)-1)-1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}(\xi -1)-1}{\curvearrowleft \atop \ }{\ }^{\color {Blue}\xi -1}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!{{\overset {\mathrm {zum\,Vorg{\ddot {a}}nger} }{\curvearrowleft }} \atop \ }\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!{\ }^{{\color {Blue}\xi }\notin \mathrm {Lim} }\ \ \!^{\ldots }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Unendliche Folgen von Ordinalzahlen enthalten immer unendliche nicht fallende Teilfolgen.<sup id="cite_ref-Fall.F._39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall.F.-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_als_rekursiver_Datentyp"><i>On</i> als rekursiver Datentyp</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Metamathematik" title="Metamathematik">Metamathematik</a> und ganz speziell in der <a href="Beweistheorie" title="Beweistheorie">Beweistheorie</a> werden die Ordinalzahlen oft rekursiv oder axiomatisch definiert, so wie die natürlichen Zahlen durch die Peano-Axiome definiert werden können.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Zweck solcher Definitionen besteht aber im Unterschied zu der Ordinalzahldefinitionen der Mengenlehre nicht darin, eine echte Klasse von Ordinalzahlen zu bestimmen, sondern möglichst lange <a href="Anfangsstrecke" title="Anfangsstrecke">Anfangsstrecken</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}">
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<mtext>On</mtext>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/570c6701a8c9ab2fa42f8b4bb282edd622617769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu finden, die mit aus der Sicht eines <a href="Hilbertprogramm" title="Hilbertprogramm">metamathematischen Programms</a> zulässigen Mitteln definiert und untersucht werden können. Während innerhalb der Metamathematik von Schreibfiguren die Rede ist, verwendet man in der Mengenlehre und der Rekursionstheorie den von <a href="Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a> eingeführten Begriff Ordinalzahlnotation. Für die Metamathematik sind hauptsächlich die aus der Wohlordnung folgenden sowie einige arithmetische Eigenschaften der Ordinalzahlen von Bedeutung. Wenn man die Existenz von Nachfolger- und Limeszahlen als Grundeigenschaften betrachtet, dann lässt sich innerhalb der Theorie der rekursiven <a href="Datentyp" title="Datentyp">Datentypen</a> (induktiv definierten Klassen) folgende Definition für die Klasse der Ordinalzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>On</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/570c6701a8c9ab2fa42f8b4bb282edd622617769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}" loading="lazy"></span> formulieren.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {succ}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>succ</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {succ}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6689d093ca102e936ab1fec266651736f83a18f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.274ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {succ}}}" loading="lazy"></span></i> und <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {sup}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>sup</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {sup}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75da0029d7e89f7d90e34770d174d9d5fd4bfaf0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.501ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {sup}}}" loading="lazy"></span></i> seien die Konstruktoren des rekursiven Datentypus Ordinalzahl, <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span></i> der Fundierer und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \preccurlyeq }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \preccurlyeq }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99bc8c68be5ec5d812bb700383d1911b5f94a1ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \preccurlyeq }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Halbordnungsrelation auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>On</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/570c6701a8c9ab2fa42f8b4bb282edd622617769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den Eigenschaften:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \beta \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \beta \preccurlyeq \xi \Rightarrow \mu \preccurlyeq \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \beta \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \beta \preccurlyeq \xi \Rightarrow \mu \preccurlyeq \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7d0d89d01925a5da7e9e3b981b67c752903d119.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.556ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \beta \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \beta \preccurlyeq \xi \Rightarrow \mu \preccurlyeq \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \preccurlyeq \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \preccurlyeq \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a05e9536af3e7e46d45585cbef6fb3e5875bc92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.29ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \preccurlyeq \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \xi \preccurlyeq \mu \Rightarrow \mu =\xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \xi \preccurlyeq \mu \Rightarrow \mu =\xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5ab9d72a0c814f9d213699d923f9cbaa43af86d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.001ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \xi \preccurlyeq \mu \Rightarrow \mu =\xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (0\preccurlyeq \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \xi (0\preccurlyeq \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36546d66f4db7aa3fcb35464f6b9abe276d09ba3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.423ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (0\preccurlyeq \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \preccurlyeq \operatorname {succ} \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>succ</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \preccurlyeq \operatorname {succ} \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23e99c37fdacba8bed4328d0c16a4d8e0cf94dfc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.951ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \preccurlyeq \operatorname {succ} \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \neg \exists \xi (\xi =\operatorname {succ} \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">¬<!-- ¬ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∃<!-- ∃ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>succ</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \neg \exists \xi (\xi =\operatorname {succ} \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72e78dae6bf099844577af4d7a86bdcdbd20a2d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \neg \exists \xi (\xi =\operatorname {succ} \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \xi \Rightarrow \operatorname {succ} \mu \preccurlyeq \operatorname {succ} \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>succ</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>succ</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \xi \Rightarrow \operatorname {succ} \mu \preccurlyeq \operatorname {succ} \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0fb8aded83c40eb1ff8768ab02868e6deec8cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.822ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \mu \forall \xi (\mu \preccurlyeq \xi \Rightarrow \operatorname {succ} \mu \preccurlyeq \operatorname {succ} \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>für jede <a href="Ordnungsrelation#Totalordnung" title="Ordnungsrelation">Kette</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \in K\Rightarrow \xi \preccurlyeq \operatorname {sup} K)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \in K\Rightarrow \xi \preccurlyeq \operatorname {sup} K)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5b014a0015c9f24c27ab718e2b0d2edaf8e028f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.766ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\xi \in K\Rightarrow \xi \preccurlyeq \operatorname {sup} K)}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>für jede Kette <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\forall \beta \in K(\beta \preccurlyeq \xi )\Rightarrow \operatorname {sup} K\preccurlyeq \xi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\forall \beta \in K(\beta \preccurlyeq \xi )\Rightarrow \operatorname {sup} K\preccurlyeq \xi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33b662d33eccbe8529388075cecf23292eb074a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.63ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \xi (\forall \beta \in K(\beta \preccurlyeq \xi )\Rightarrow \operatorname {sup} K\preccurlyeq \xi )}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Man kann mittels <a href="Strukturelle_Induktion" title="Strukturelle Induktion">struktureller Induktion</a> zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\textrm {On}},\preccurlyeq )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>On</mtext>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mo>≼<!-- ≼ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\textrm {On}},\preccurlyeq )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/117cc6ce28c42a7f949d289889ab0ffc03f98205.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.752ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\textrm {On}},\preccurlyeq )}" loading="lazy"></span> eine wohlgeordnete Klasse ist.
In der Terminologie der Theorie der rekursiven Datentypen stellen die von Neumannschen Ordinalzahlen eine Implementierung des rekursiven Datentypus <i>Ordinalzahl</i> dar, d.&nbsp;h. ein <a href="Modelltheorie" title="Modelltheorie">Modell</a> der obigen Menge von Axiomen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rechenoperationen">Rechenoperationen</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Transfinite_Arithmetik" title="Transfinite Arithmetik">Transfinite Arithmetik</a></i></div>
<p>Die arithmetischen Operationen mit Ordinalzahlen werden als Verallgemeinerung der aus der elementaren Arithmetik bekannten Rechenarten eingeführt. Unter der Summe zweier Ordinalzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> versteht man die Ordinalzahl einer wohlgeordneten Menge, die aus den Elementen der beiden Mengen besteht, wenn alle Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> in der Wohlordnung vor den Elementen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> stehen. Dies entspricht genau der Vorstellung, die uns aus den endlichen Zahlen vertraut ist, dass beim Konkatenieren von zwei endlichen Folgen der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> eine endliche Folge der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m+n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m+n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88528fefcfac1b22d2df9b71d0f4fc9e758f65ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.276ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m+n}" loading="lazy"></span> entsteht. Da man bei den transfiniten Ordinalzahlen zwischen isolierten und Limeszahlen unterscheiden muss, wird bei der Einführung der arithmetischen Operationen darauf geachtet, dass diese stetige Fortsetzungen der finiten arithmetischen Operationen sind. Die Stetigkeit der Rechenoperationen bei den Ordinalzahlen sieht man am deutlichsten in der sogenannten funktionalen Einführung der transfiniten Arithmetik. Die funktionale Einführung der <a href="Ordinalzahlarithmetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinalzahlarithmetik">Ordinalzahlarithmetik</a> wird mittels transfiniter Rekursion begründet. Nicht alle aus der finiten Arithmetik bekannten Eigenschaften der Rechenoperationen sind in das Unendliche übertragbar. So ist die Addition im Allgemeinen nicht kommutativ. Mit Hilfe der Cantorschen Polynomdarstellung, die eine Art transfinites <a href="Stellenwertsystem" title="Stellenwertsystem">Stellenwertsystem</a> ist, lassen sich alternative Rechenoperationen einführen: die so genannten <i>natürlichen Operationen</i> zwischen Ordinalzahlen, so dass keine der aus den finiten Arithmetik bekannten Regeln vermisst werden muss.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topologische_Eigenschaften">Topologische Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Jede Ordinalzahl lässt sich aufgrund ihrer totalen Ordnung durch die <a href="Ordnungstopologie" title="Ordnungstopologie">Ordnungstopologie</a> zu einem <a href="Topologischer_Raum" title="Topologischer Raum">topologischen Raum</a> machen. In dieser Topologie konvergiert die Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (0,1,2,\dots )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (0,1,2,\dots )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80a1264b888e036ec57294bfc12e86d224e6190a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.122ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (0,1,2,\dots )}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>, und die Folge
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\omega ,\omega ^{\omega },\omega ^{\omega ^{\omega }},\dots )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\omega ,\omega ^{\omega },\omega ^{\omega ^{\omega }},\dots )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b15fa81aa9d82b992a7a293f8b40e45b3699ff6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.475ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\omega ,\omega ^{\omega },\omega ^{\omega ^{\omega }},\dots )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>konvergiert gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=\omega ^{\omega ^{.^{.^{.}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mo>.</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mo>.</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>.</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=\omega ^{\omega ^{.^{.^{.}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a419418e9c17b86a29ec442b5bb8f2483c9bfc71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.482ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=\omega ^{\omega ^{.^{.^{.}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ordinalzahlen ohne Vorgänger können stets als Grenzwert eines <a href="Netz_(Topologie)" title="Netz (Topologie)">Netzes</a> von kleineren Ordinalzahlen dargestellt werden, etwa durch das Netz aller kleineren Ordinalzahlen mit ihrer natürlichen Ordnung. Die Mächtigkeit des kleinsten solchen Netzes heißt <a href="Konfinalit%C3%A4t" title="Konfinalität">Konfinalität</a>. Diese kann überabzählbar sein, d.&nbsp;h., im Allgemeinen sind jene Ordinalzahlen nicht Grenzwert einer <a href="Folge_(Mathematik)" title="Folge (Mathematik)">Folge</a> kleinerer Ordinalzahlen, wie z.&nbsp;B. die kleinste überabzählbare Ordinalzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die topologischen Räume <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa08e90b7d5d3afa37e8c63ae70161b27eec23df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.503ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}" loading="lazy"></span> werden in Lehrbüchern oft als Beispiel einer nicht abzählbaren Topologie genannt. Zum Beispiel gilt im Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa08e90b7d5d3afa37e8c63ae70161b27eec23df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.503ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}" loading="lazy"></span>, dass das Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Abschluss der Teilmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt, aber keine Folge in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen das Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> konvergiert. Der Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllt das erste, aber nicht das zweite <a href="Abz%C3%A4hlbarkeitsaxiom" title="Abzählbarkeitsaxiom">Abzählbarkeitsaxiom</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa08e90b7d5d3afa37e8c63ae70161b27eec23df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.503ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}" loading="lazy"></span> keines von beiden.
</p><p>Der Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> besitzt genau eine (Hausdorff-)<a href="Kompaktifizierung" title="Kompaktifizierung">Kompaktifizierung</a>, nämlich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa08e90b7d5d3afa37e8c63ae70161b27eec23df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.503ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}+1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dies bedeutet, dass die größtmögliche, die <a href="Stone-%C4%8Cech-Kompaktifizierung" title="Stone-Čech-Kompaktifizierung">Stone-Čech-Kompaktifizierung</a>, hier mit der kleinstmöglichen, der Einpunkt- oder <a href="Alexandroff-Kompaktifizierung" title="Alexandroff-Kompaktifizierung">Alexandroff-Kompaktifizierung</a>, übereinstimmt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Burali-Forti-Paradoxon" title="Burali-Forti-Paradoxon">Burali-Forti-Paradoxon</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<p>Bei Verwendung der von Neumannschen Definition:
</p>
<ul><li>H. Bachmann: <i>Transfinite Zahlen.</i> Springer, 1967.</li>
<li>O. Deiser: <i>Einführung in die Mengenlehre.</i> Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-20401-5.</li>
<li>P. Cohen: <i>Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis.</i> W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York 1966, ISBN 978-0-8053-2327-6.</li>
<li>P. Komjath, V. Totik: <i>Problems and Theorems in Classical Set Theory.</i> Springer, 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-30293-5.</li>
<li>K. Hrbacek, <a href="Thomas_Jech" title="Thomas Jech">Thomas Jech</a>: <i>Introduction to Set Theory.</i> Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1999, ISBN 0-8247-7915-0.</li>
<li>Herbert B. Enderton: <i>Elements of Set Theory.</i> Academic Press Inc., New York NY 1977, ISBN 0-12-238440-7.</li>
<li>J. Barwise (Hrsg.): <i>Handbook of Mathematical Logic.</i> North Holland, 1977, ISBN 978-0-444-86388-1.</li>
<li>A. Levy: <i>Basic Set Theory.</i> Springer, 1979, ISBN 3-540-08417-7.</li>
<li>T. Forster: <i>Logic, Induction and Sets.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-53361-9.</li>
<li>M. Zuckerman: <i>Sets and Transfinite Numbers.</i> Macmillian Publishing Co., 1974, ISBN 0-02-432110-9.</li>
<li>M. Deutsch: <i>Einführung in die Grundlagen der Mathematik.</i> Universitätsdruckerei Bremen, 1999, ISBN 3-88722-438-8.</li></ul>
<p>Bei Verwendung von Ordnungstypen:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Dieter_Klaua" title="Dieter Klaua">Dieter Klaua</a>: <i>Kardinal- und Ordinalzahlen. Teil 2.</i> Vieweg, Braunschweig 1974, ISBN 3-528-06141-3.<sup id="cite_ref-Ax_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ax-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>D. Klaua: <i>Allgemeine Mengenlehre.</i> I., 1968 und II., 1969, Akademie Verlag Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ax_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ax-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>W. Sierpinski: <i>Cardinal and ordinal numbers.</i> 1965, ISBN 978-0-900318-02-3.</li>
<li>K. Kuratowski, A. Mostowski: <i>Set theory.</i> North-Holland, 1968, ISBN 978-0-7204-0470-8.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>M. Potter: <i>Mengentheorie.</i> Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 1994, ISBN 3-86025-303-4.<sup id="cite_ref-Ax_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ax-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>E. Jacobsthal: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digizeitschriften.de/resolveppn/GDZPPN002262355">Über den Aufbau der transfiniten Arithmetik.</a></i> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 66, 1909, S. 145–194.</li>
<li>F. Hausdorff: <i><a href="Grundz%C3%BCge_der_Mengenlehre" title="Grundzüge der Mengenlehre">Grundzüge der Mengenlehre</a>.</i> Chelsea Publishing Company, New York 1949.</li>
<li>I. P. Natanson: <i>Theorie der Funktionen einer reellen Veränderlichen.</i> Verlag Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main 1977, ISBN 3-87144-217-8. (Auch in digitaler Form auf Russisch bei <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icm.krasn.ru/refextra.php?id=3790">INSTITUTE OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING SB RAS, Krasnojarsk</a>)</li></ul>
<p>Weitere Quellen:
</p>
<ul><li>K. Schütte: <i>Proof Theory.</i> Springer, 1977, ISBN 0-387-07911-4.</li>
<li>A. Fraenkel, Y. Bar-Hillel: <i>Foundations of set theory.</i> North-Holland Publishing Co., 1958.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ordinalzahl" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Ordinalzahl">Wiktionary: Ordinalzahl</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li>Peter Hancock: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfcs.inf.ed.ac.uk/reports/00/ECS-LFCS-00-421/ECS-LFCS-00-421.pdf">Ordinals and Interactive Programs (pdf; 1,3&nbsp;MB)</a>.</i> University of Edinburgh, 2000</li>
<li><a href="Edmund_Weitz" title="Edmund Weitz">Edmund Weitz</a> (<a href="Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Wissenschaften_Hamburg" title="Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg">HAW Hamburg</a>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxhFy4deLQA"><i><i>Unendlich plus eins - Was sind Ordinalzahlen?</i></i></a> auf <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 16.&nbsp;November 2020.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise_und_Anmerkungen">Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-NatX-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NatX_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NatX_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Natanson, 1977, Kapitel X., § 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RiemannFunction.html">Riemann Function (bei MathWorld)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">in: Mathematische Annalen 5 (1872) S. 123–132</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">2. Artikel in: Mathematische Annalen 17 (1880) 357f</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">in: <i>Mathematische Annalen</i> 21 (1883), S. 576f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> in: Mathematische Annalen 46 (1895) Seite 499 und Mathematische Annalen 49 (1897) S. 207</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Was auch für die Mathematik insgesamt deshalb von Vorteil ist, weil dadurch zahlreiche weitere mathematische Begriffe eine mengentheoretische Interpretation erhalten.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mesch-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mesch_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mesch_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">15. August 1923 – Brief von Johann von Neumann an <a href="Ernst_Zermelo" title="Ernst Zermelo">Ernst Zermelo</a> (s. H. Meschkowski: <i>Problemgeschichte der neueren Mathematik.</i> B.I.-Wissenschaftsverlag, 1978, ISBN 3-411-01542-X. XIV.1. sowie Tafel 10.)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Genauer: nicht ohne Verwendung des sogenannten <i><a href="Zur%C3%BCckschneiden_durch_Rangbetrachtung" title="Zurückschneiden durch Rangbetrachtung">Zurückschneidens durch Rangbetrachtung</a></i> von <a href="Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a>, das aber seinerseits das Vorhandensein schon definierter Ordinalzahlen voraussetzt (s. Levy, 1979, II.7.7, II.7.13).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Bachmann, 1968, § 3.5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Für nicht fundierte Mengenuniversen muss eine solche Funktion nicht unbedingt vorhanden sein.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Fraenkel: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01457986">Zu den Grundlagen der Cantor-Zermeloschen Mengenlehre.</a></i> In: <i>Mathematische Annalen.</i> 86, 1922, S. 230–237</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Deiser, 2004, 2.6., S. 256 u. 3.1, S. 433 sowie Bachmann, 1968, § 6., § 38., § 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. O. Deiser: <i>Reelle Zahlen. Das klassische Kontinuum und die natürlichen Folgen.</i> Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-45387-1, S. 382–386</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Für den Beweis, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e20e29ac56d6cc52eaeb2f9c0bf79ef706428ddf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Menge und keine echte Klasse ist, braucht man innerhalb von ZFC das Ersetzungsaxiom (s. Zuckerman, 1974, 5.12)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Über die Ordinalzahlen im Sinne von Russell und <a href="Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> s.: J. Rosser: <i>Logic for Mathematicians.</i> McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953, ISBN 0-8284-0294-9, XII.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Quine: <i>New Foundations for Mathematical Logic.</i> In: <i>American Mathematical Monthly.</i> 44, 1937, S. 70–80</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Scott: <i>Axiomatizing Set Theory.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics.</i> 13, 2, American Mathematical Society, 1971, S. 207–214</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>AM:</i> <i>Allgemeine Mengenlehre</i> – s. <a href="Dieter_Klaua" title="Dieter Klaua">Klaua</a>, 1968 u. Klaua, 1969</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Klaua, 1974 sowie D. Klaua: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/img/?PPN=PPN362162050_0092&amp;DMDID=dmdlog17"><i>Eine axiomatische Mengenlehre mit größtem Universum und Hyperklassen.</i></a> In: <i>Monatshefte für Mathematik.</i> 92, 3, 1981, S. 179–195.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Potter, 1994, 6.2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die <i>Pseudoordinalzahlen</i> sind zwar vor 1923 Zermelo und Mirimanoff bekannt gewesen. Sie haben aber innerhalb von ZFC an Bedeutung gewonnen, erst nachdem von Neumann erkannt hat, dass aus dem Ersetzungsaxiom die Existenz einer Rangfunktion für alle Mengen und einer Ordinalzahlfunktion für alle wohlgeordnete Mengen folgt. Deshalb sind heutzutage die Pseudoordinalzahlen vor allem durch den Begriff <i>von Neumannsche Zahlen</i> bekannt.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hier ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle x\mid \Phi (x)\rangle =\{x\mid \Phi (x)\land \forall y(\Phi (y)\implies D(x)\subseteq D(y))\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⟹<!-- ⟹ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle x\mid \Phi (x)\rangle =\{x\mid \Phi (x)\land \forall y(\Phi (y)\implies D(x)\subseteq D(y))\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9da938bfa5315df0b294c25021e302749b775036.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:54.32ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle x\mid \Phi (x)\rangle =\{x\mid \Phi (x)\land \forall y(\Phi (y)\implies D(x)\subseteq D(y))\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D(a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D(a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/673feaeac9e8b35e894bbbf229d219abf7d3e7d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.963ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D(a)}" loading="lazy"></span> das bezüglich der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \in }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \in }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fe4d5b0a594c1da89b5e78e7dfbeed90bdcc32f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \in }" loading="lazy"></span>-Relation kleinste Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{b\mid a\subseteq b\land T(b)\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{b\mid a\subseteq b\land T(b)\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a48d16e11c7ee1ac0ab9dbf5709da0b72abedff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.611ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{b\mid a\subseteq b\land T(b)\}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {T}}(a):=\exists d(H(d)\land a={\textrm {acc}}(d))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∃<!-- ∃ --></mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>acc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {T}}(a):=\exists d(H(d)\land a={\textrm {acc}}(d))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5828462b974eabecb7846ac1f0072e3a6bd915b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.032ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {T}}(a):=\exists d(H(d)\land a={\textrm {acc}}(d))}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {H}}(a):=(\forall d\in a)(d={\textrm {acc}}(d\cap a))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>acc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {H}}(a):=(\forall d\in a)(d={\textrm {acc}}(d\cap a))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fa18c9572dc78932d47368aa1e901c26519e465.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.104ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {H}}(a):=(\forall d\in a)(d={\textrm {acc}}(d\cap a))}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {acc}}(a):=\{x\mid x\neq \{y\mid y\in x\}\lor (\exists b\in a)(x\in b\lor x\subseteq b)\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>acc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>∨<!-- ∨ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∃<!-- ∃ --></mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∨<!-- ∨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {acc}}(a):=\{x\mid x\neq \{y\mid y\in x\}\lor (\exists b\in a)(x\in b\lor x\subseteq b)\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5697c2ab904bf101b2b694ee63a7a7007306da61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:56.513ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {acc}}(a):=\{x\mid x\neq \{y\mid y\in x\}\lor (\exists b\in a)(x\in b\lor x\subseteq b)\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Bachmann, 1967, § 4.3 sowie Deiser, 2004, 2.6, S. 257–258 und Enderton, 1977, Chapter 7, S. 182–194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Definition aus Zermelos Nachlass 1915 laut: M. Hallett, Cantorian set theory and limitation of size, Oxford 1984, S. 277f. Diese Definition publizierte erst Paul Bernays, Zermelos damaliger Assistent in Zürich: Bernays, A System of Axiomatic Set Theory II, in: <a href="Journal_of_Symbolic_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Symbolic Logic">Journal of Symbolic Logic</a> 6 (1941), S. 6 und 10. Zermelo nannte noch die Bedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\in y\cup \{y\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\in y\cup \{y\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8da37768cb3e741dbd48dd0d90e224377562ef78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.222ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\in y\cup \{y\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die sich aus der letzten Bedingung für die leere Teilmenge 0 ergibt.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hallett: <i>Cantorian set theory and limitation of size</i>, Oxford 1984, S. 279, Definition aus Zermelos Nachlass von 1915, publiziert erst in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/fm/fm16/fm1615.pdf">E. Zermelo: <i>Über Grenzzahlen und Mengenbereiche</i>, in: <i>Fundamenta Mathematicae</i> 16 (1930)</a> (PDF; 1,5&nbsp;MB), 29-47, Definition S. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. v. Neumann: <i>Zur Einführung der transfiniten Zahlen</i>, 1923, in: <i>Acta scientiarum mathematicarum</i> 1 (1922/23) 199-208, Definition S. 199f., ediert in: J. v. Neumann: <i>Collected Works</i> I, Oxford, London, New York, Paris 1961, S. 24–34. Dieselbe Definition auch in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01459102">J. v. Neumann: <i>Über die Definition durch transfinite Induktion und verwandte Fragen der allgemeinen Mengenlehre</i>, 1927, in: <i>Mathematische Annalen</i> 99 (1928)</a>, 373-391, Definition S. 378.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Definition geht auf eine Vorlesung Gödels in Wien 1937 zurück laut: Bernays, A System of Axiomatic Set Theory II, in: Journal of Symbolic Logic 6 (1941), S. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Robinson: <i>The theory of classes. A modification of von Neumann's System</i>, in: Journal of Symbolic Logic 2 (1937), S. 29–36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernays, A System of Axiomatic Set Theory II, in: Journal of Symbolic Logic 6 (1941), S. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-A.Levy-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-A.Levy_31-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-A.Levy_31-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-A.Levy_31-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-A.Levy_31-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Levy, 1979, II.2.14, II.3.11, II.3.12, II.3.13, II.3.16</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eine Wohlordnungsrelation lässt sich auch zwischen Wohlordnungstypen definieren (zwischen Ordnungszahlen im Sinne von Cantor also). Eine wohlgeordnete Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt kleiner (oder kürzer) als eine wohlgeordnete Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> ordnungsisomorph zu einer echten Untermenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Es sei die Vereinbarung getroffen, dass im weiteren, wenn nicht ausdrücklich etwas anderes gesagt ist, unter Ordinalzahl eine Ordinalzahl im von Neumannschen Sinne gemeint sein wird und dass die Behauptungen, die aufgestellt werden, Sätze in ZF oder ZFC sind.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Man beachte, dass Vereinigung (Durchschnitt) von Elementen einer Menge von transitiven Mengen transitiv ist.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diese Behauptung ist von dem Fundierungsaxiom unabhängig.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gäbe es nämlich solche Zahlen nicht, dann wäre <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>On</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/570c6701a8c9ab2fa42f8b4bb282edd622617769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textrm {On}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Untermenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sup</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34f13990ad28430ecabc42d1be2cd2b8266ee4b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.388ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {sup} S}" loading="lazy"></span> (eine echte Menge also).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Ordinalzahl ist, die größer ist als alle Elemente der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{\gamma \mid \gamma \leq \beta \}\setminus S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{\gamma \mid \gamma \leq \beta \}\setminus S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d033a02bc7837b908d4afa073d398716f94dc90a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.911ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{\gamma \mid \gamma \leq \beta \}\setminus S}" loading="lazy"></span> keine echte Klasse, sondern eine wohlgeordnete Menge und hat daher ein kleinstes Element.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bachmann-Grenze-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bachmann-Grenze_37-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bachmann-Grenze_37-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Bachmann, 1967, § 4.1.3., § 4.1.4</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Der englische Begriff dafür ist <i>strict upper bound.</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Fall.F.-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fall.F._39-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fall.F._39-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fall.F._39-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Komjath, Tototik, 2006, 8.2, 8.3, 8.18</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. zum Beispiel Schütte, 1997 und Deutsch, 1999, S. 308–309</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. Forster, 2003, 7.1; vgl. auch mit I. Phillips: <i>Recursion Theory.</i> In: S. Abramsky, D. Gabbay, T. Maibaum (Hrsg.): <i>Handbook of Logic in Computer Science.</i> Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-853735-2 sowie <a href="Stephen_A._Cook" title="Stephen A. Cook">Stephen A. Cook</a>, <a href="Hao_Wang_(Mathematiker)" title="Hao Wang (Mathematiker)">Hao Wang</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01351806.pdf">Characterizations of Ordinal Numbers in Set Theory.</a></i> Mathematische Annalen, 164, 1, 1966</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dies lässt sich allerdings ohne das <a href="Auswahlaxiom" title="Auswahlaxiom">Auswahlaxiom</a> nicht beweisen, siehe Kenneth Kunen: <i>Set Theory</i>, North Holland, Amsterdam 1980, S. 30 und 33</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ax-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ax_43-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ax_43-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ax_43-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Diesem Buch liegt ein spezielles Axiomensystem zugrunde.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In diesem Buch wird nirgendwo das Fundierungsaxiom verwendet.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
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